人教版必修一地理电子课本

人教版必修一地理电子课本(一)
人教版高一数学必修一电子课本1

第一章 集合与函数概念

1.1 集合

1.1.1 集合的含义与表示

1.1.2 集合间的基本关系

1.1.3 集合的基本运算

1.2 函数及其表示

1.2.1 函数的概念

1.2.2 函数的表示法

1.3 函数的基本性质

1.3.1单调性与最大（小）值

1.3.2 奇偶性

第二章 基本初等函数

2.1 指数函数

2.1.1 指数与指数幂的运算

2.1.2 指数函数及其性质

2.2 对数函数

2.2.1对数与对数运算（一）

2.2.1对数与对数运算（二）

2.2.2对数函数及其性质

2.3 幂函数

第三章 函数的应用

3.1 函数与方程

3.1.1 方程的根与函数的零点

3.1.2 用二分法求方程的近似解

3.2 函数模型及其应用 1

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人教版必修一地理电子课本(二)
人教版高中地理教材目录

高中地理电子教材：.cn/gzdl/jszx/tbjxzy/kbjc/dzkb/xx7/

必修一

第一章 行星地球

第一节 宇宙中的地球

第二节 太阳对地球的影响

第三节 地球的运动

第四节 地球的圈层结构

问题研究 月球基地应该是什么样子

第二章 地球上的大气

第一节 冷热不均引起大气运动

第二节 气压带和风带

第三节 常见天气系统

第四节 全球气候变化

问题研究 为什么市区气温比郊区高

第三章 地球上的水

第一节 自然界的水循环

第二节 大规模的海水运动

第三节 水资源的合理利用

问题研究 是否可以用南极冰山解决沙特阿拉伯的缺水问题

第四章 地表形态的塑造

第一节 营造地表形态的力量

第二节 山岳的形成

第三节 河流地貌的发育

问题研究 崇明岛的未来是什么样子

第五章 自然地理环境的整体性与差异性

第一节 自然地理环境的整体性

第二节 自然地理环境的差异性

问题研究 如何看待我国西北地区城市引进欧洲冷季型草坪

主要地理名词中英文对照表

必修二

第一章 人口的变化

第一节 人口的数量变化

第二节 人口的空间变化

第三节 人口的合理容量

问题研究 如何看待农民工现象

第二章 城市与城市化

第一节 城市内部空间结构

第二节 不同等级城市的服务功能

第三节 城市化

问题研究 从市中心到郊区，你选择住在哪里

第三章 农业地域的形成与发展

第一节 农业的区位选择

第二节 以种植业为主的农业地域类型

第三节 以畜牧业为主的农业地域类型

问题研究 家乡的农业园区会是什么样

第四章 工业地域的形成与发展

;第一节 工业的区位因素与区位选择

第二节 工业地域的形成

第三节 传统工业区与新工业区

问题研究 煤城焦作出路何在

第五章 交通运输布局及其影响

第一节 交通运输方式的布局

第二节 交通运输布局变化的影响

问题研究 北京的自行车是多了还是少了

第六章 人类与地理环境的协调发展

第一节 人地关系思想的演变

第二节 中国的可持续发展实践

必修三

第一章 地理环境与区域发展

第一节 地理环境对区域发展的影响

第二节 地理信息技术在区域地理环境研究中的应用 问题研究 地理环境为新加坡经济发展提供了哪些条件

第二章 区域生态环境建设

第一节 荒漠化的防治──以我国西北地区为例

第二节 森林的开发和保护──以亚马孙热带林为例 问题研究 为什么停止开发“北大荒”

第三章 区域自然资源综合开发利用

第一节 能源资源的开发──以我国山西省为例

第二节 河流的综合开发──以美国田纳西河流域为例 问题研究 河流上该不该建大坝

第四章 区域经济发展

第一节 区域农业发展──以我国东北地区为例

第二节 区域工业化与城市化──以我国珠江三角洲地区为例 问题研究 我的家乡怎样发展

第五章 区际联系与区域协调发展

第一节 资源的跨区域调配──以我国西气东输为例

第二节 产业转移──以东亚为例

选修一

第一章 宇宙

第一节 天体和星空

第二节 探索宇宙

第三节 恒星的一生和宇宙的演化

第二章 太阳系与地月系

第一节 太阳和太阳系

第二节 月球和地月系

第三节 月相和潮汐变化

第三章 地球的演化和地表形态的变化

第一节 地球的早期演化和地质年代

第二节 板块构造学说

第三节 地表形态的变化

选修二

第一章 海洋概述

第一节 地球上的海与洋

第二节 人类对海洋的探索与认识

第二章 海岸与海底地形

第一节 海岸

第二节 海底地形的分布

第三节 海底地形的形成

第三章 海洋水体

第一节 海水的温度和盐度

第二节 海水的运动

第四章 海－气作用

第一节 海－气相互作用及其影响

第二节 厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象

第五章 海洋开发

第一节 海岸带的开发

第二节 海洋资源的开发利用

第三节 海洋能的开发利用

第四节 海洋空间的开发利用

第六章 人类与海洋协调发展

第一节 海洋自然灾害与防范

第二节 海洋环境问题与环境保护

第三节 维护海洋权益 加强国际合作【人教版必修一地理电子课本】

选修三

第一章 现代旅游及其作用

第一节 现代旅游

第二节 现代旅游对区域发展的意义

第二章 旅游资源

第一节 旅游资源的分类与特性

第二节 旅游资源开发条件的评价

第三节 我国的旅游资源

第三章 旅游景观的欣赏

第一节 旅游景观的审美特性

第二节 旅游景观欣赏的方法

第三节 中外著名旅游景观欣赏

第四章 旅游开发与保护

第一节 旅游规则

第二节 旅游开发中的环境保护

第五章 做一个合格的现代游客

第一节 设计旅游活动

第二节 参与旅游环境保护

选修四

第一章 城乡发展与城市化

第一节 聚落的形成和发展

第二节 城市化与城市环境问题

第二章 城乡合理布局与协调发展

第一节 城市空间形态及变化

第二节 城镇布局与协调发展

第三节 城乡特色景观与传统文化的保护

第三章 城乡规划

第一节 城乡规划的内容及意义

第二节 城乡土地利用与功能分区

第三节 城乡规划中的主要布局

第四章 城乡建设与人居环境

第一节 城乡人居环境

第二节 城乡商业与生活环境

第三节 城乡公共服务设施与生活环境

选修五

第一章 自然灾害与人类活动

第一节 自然灾害及其影响

第三节 人类活动对自然灾害的影响

第二章 中国的自然灾害

第一节 中国自然灾害的特点

第二节 中国的地质灾害

第三节 中国的水文灾害

第四节 中国的气象灾害

第五节 中国的生物灾害

第三章 防灾与减灾

第一节 自然灾害的监测与防御

第二节 自然灾害的求援与求助

第三节 自然灾害中的自救与互救

选修六

第一章 环境与环境问题

第一节 我们周围的环境

第二节 当代环境问题的产生及其特点

第三节 解决环境问题的基本思想

第二章 环境污染与防治

第一节 水污染及其成因

第二节 固体废弃物污染及其危害

第三节 大气污染及其防治

第三章 自然资源的利用与保护

第一节 人类面临的主要资源问题

第二节 非可再生资源合理开发利用对策

第三节 可再生资源的合理利用与保护

第四章 生态环境保护

第一节 森林及其保护

第二节 草地退化及其防治

第三节 湿地干涸及其恢复

第五节 中国区域生态环境问题及其防治途径

第五章 环境管理及公众参与

第一节 认识环境管理

第二节 环境管理的国际合作

第三节 公众参与

选修七

第一章 数字时代与地理信息技术

第一节 席卷全球的数字化浪潮

第二节 地理信息技术的发展与应用

第二章 记录和传递地理信息的工具——地图

第一节 地图和地图投影

人教版必修一地理电子课本(三)
高中英语人教版必修一全册课文内容电子版

Unit 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND

Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend.

Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.

Thursday 15th June, 1942

Dear Kitty,

I wondered if it is because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I came here.

… For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare to open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…

… Sadly … I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.

Yours,【人教版必修一地理电子课本】

Anne

Unit 2 English around the world

The road to modern English

At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English. Nearly all of them lived in England. Later in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries. Today, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language than ever before.

Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. Look at this example:

British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?

American Amy: Yes. I’d like to come up to your apartment.

So why has English changed over time? Actually, all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first, the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present. Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.【人教版必修一地理电子课本】

So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries.

Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The America Dictionary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.

English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. During that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.

STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTS

What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.

When people use words and expressions different from “standard language”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighboring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world.

Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.

Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.

Unit 3 JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG

PART I THE DREAM AND THE PLAN

My name is Wang Kun. Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. Last year, she visited our cousins, Dao Wei and Yu Hang at their college in Kunming. They are Dai and grew up in western Yunnan Province near the Lancang River, the Chinese part of the river that is called the Mekong River in other countries. Wang Wei soon got them interested in cycling too. After graduating from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip. I asked my sister, “Where are we going?” It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the entire Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. Now she is planning our schedule for the trip.

I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. She can be really stubborn. Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that she organize the trip properly. Now I know that the proper way is always her way. I kept asking her, “When are we leaving and when are we coming back?” I asked her whether she had looked at a map yet. Of course she hadn’t; my sister doesn’t care about details. So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province. She gave me a determined look--the kind that said she would not change her mind. When I told her that our journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5,000 metres, she said it

would be an interesting experience. I know my sister well. Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it. Finally, I had to give in.

Several months before our trip, Wang Wei and I went to the library. We found a large atlas with good maps that showed details of world geography. From the atlas we could see that the Mekong River begins in a glacier on a mountain in Qinghai Province. At first the river is small and the water is clear and cold. Then it begins to move quickly. It becomes rapids as it passes through deep valleys, travelling across western Yunnan Province. Sometimes the river becomes a waterfall and enters wide valleys. We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China. After it leaves China and high altitude, the Mekong becomes wide, brown and warm. As it enters Southeast Asia, its pace slows. It makes wide bends or meanders through low valleys to the plains where rice grows. At last, the river delta enters the South China Sea.

PART II A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS

Although it was autumn, the snow was already beginning to fall in Tibet. Our legs were so heavy and cold that they felt like blocks of ice. Have you ever seen snowmen ride bicycles? That’s what we looked like! Along the way children dressed in long wool coats stopped to look at us. In the late afternoon we found it was so cold that our water bottles froze. However, the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful. Wang Wei rode in front of me as usual. She is very reliable and I knew I didn’t need to encourage her. To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us, we were surprised by the view. We seemed to be able to see for miles. At one point we were so high that we found ourselves cycling through clouds. Then we began going down the hills. It was great fun especially as it gradually became much warmer. In the valleys colourful butterflies flew around us and we saw many yaks and sheep eating green grass. At this point we had to change our caps, coats, gloves and trousers for T-shirts and shorts.

In the early evening we always stop to make camp. We put up our tent and then we eat. After supper Wang Wei put her head down on her pillow and went to sleep but I stayed awake. At midnight the sky became clearer and the stars grew brighter. It was so quiet. There was almost no wind- only the flames of our fire for company. As I lay beneath the stars I thought about how far we had already travelled.

We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, where our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. We can hardly wait to see them!

Unit 4 A NIGHT THE EARTH DIDN’T SLEEP

Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeast Hebei. For three days the water in the village wells rose and fell. Farmers noticed that the well walls had deep cracks in them. A smelly gas came out of the fields looking for places to hide. Fish jumped out of their bowls and ponds. At about 3:00 am on July 28, 1976, some people saw bright lights in the sky. The sound of planes could be heard outside the city of Tangshan even when no planes were in the sky. In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst. But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.

At 3:42 am everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world was at an end! Eleven kilometres directly below the city one of the greatest earthquakes of the 20th century had begun. It was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundred kilometres away. One-third of the nation felt it. A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses, roads and canals. Steam burst from holes in the ground. Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt. In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins. The sufferings of the people was extreme. Two-thirds of

them died or were injured during the earthquake. The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400,000.

But how could the survivors believe it was natural? Everywhere they looked nearly everything was destroyed. All of the city’s hospital, 75％ of its factories and buildings and 90％ of its homes were gone. Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves. No wind, however, could blow them away. Two dams fell and most of the bridges also fell or were not safe for travelling. The railway tracks were now useless pieces of steel. Tens of thousands of cows would never give milk again. Half a million pigs and millions of chickens were dead. Sand now filled the wells instead of water. People were shocked. Then, later that afternoon, another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan. Water, food, and electricity were hard to get. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.

All hope was not lost. Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to help the rescue workers. Hundreds of thousands of people were helped. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. To the north of the city, most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from the coal mines there. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. Fresh water was taken to the city by train, truck and plane. Slowly, the city began to breathe again.

UNIT 5 ELIAS’ STORY

My name is Elias. I am a poor black worker in South Africa. The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. I was twelve years old. It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. He offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.

I needed his help because I had very little education. I began school at six. The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometres away. I had to leave because my family could not continue to pay the school fees and the bus fare. I could not read or write well. After trying hard, I got a job in a gold mine. However, this was a time when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. Sadly I did not have one because I was not born there, and I worried about whether I would become out of work.

The day when Nelson Mandela helped me was one of my happiest. He told me how to get the correct papers so I could stay in Johannesburg. I became more hopeful about my future. I never forgot how kind Mandela was. When he organized the ANC Youth League, I joined it as soon as I could. He said:

“The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.”

It was the truth. Black people could not vote or choose their leaders. They could not get the jobs they wanted. The parts of town in which they had to live were decided by white people. The places outside the towns where they were sent to live were the poorest parts of South Africa. No one could grow food there. In fact as Nelson Mandela said:

“…we were put into a position in which we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.

We chose to attack the laws. We first broke the law in a way which was peaceful; when this was not allowed…only then did we decided to answer violence with violence. ”

As a matter of fact, I do not like violence…but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings. It was very dangerous because if I was caught I could be put in prison. But I was happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.

THE REST OF ELIAS’ STORY

You cannot imagine how the name of Robben Island made us afraid. It was a prison from which no one escaped. There I spent the hardest time of my life. But when I got there Nelson Mandela was also there and he helped me. Mr Mandela began a school for those of us who had little learning. He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. We read books under our blankets and used anything we could find to make candles to see the words. I became a good student. I wanted to study for my degree but I was not allowed to do that. Later, Mr Mandela allowed the prison guards to join us. He said they should not be stopped from studying for their degrees. They were not cleverer than me, but they did pass their exams. So I knew I could get a degree too. That made me feel good about myself.

When I finished the four years in prison, I went to find a job. Since I was better educated, I got a job working in an office. However, the police found out and told my boss that I had been in prison for blowing up government buildings. So I lost my job. I did not work again for twenty years until Mr Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994. All that time my wife and children had to beg for food and help from relatives or friends. Luckily Mr Mandela remembered me and gave me a job taking tourists around my old prison on Robben Island. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. All the terror and fear of that time came back to me. I remembered the beatings and the cruelty of the guards and my friends who had died. I felt I would not be able to do it, but my family encouraged me. They said that the job and the pay from the new South Africa government were my reward after working all my life for equal rights for the Blacks. So now I am proud to show visitors over the prison, for I helped to make our people free in their own land.

人教版必修一地理电子课本(四)
最新版人教必修一第一单元电子教材

中国是世界文明古国之一。早在远古时代活跃在黄河流域的部落联盟就已初具国家规模。随着中国历史上第一个王朝夏的建立我国开始出现了早期国家政治制度。王位世袭制、等级森严的分封制和血缘关系维系的宗法制，构成了古代中国早期政治制度的主要特点。

经过春秋战国时期的诸侯争霸，到秦朝统一多民族国家的形成，以皇权为中心的中央集权制度建立起来。历经汉魏、隋唐至宋元，皇帝与宰相之间的权势此消彼长，中央与地方争权斗争接连不断，最终皇权不断强化，中央集权逐渐得到巩固。到明清时期君主专制中央集权的政治制度发展到顶峰。

中央集权制度作为古代中国政治制度的突出特色，对中国历史产生了深远影响。中国统一多民族国家的形成与发展、国体与政体、官僚政治与行政管理以至文化教育传统，无不与此有着密切的关系。

学习建议

●结合我国地域辽阔民族众多的特点，从地理历史政治等多学科综台学习的角度，认识中央集权制度形成与发展的历史必然性。

●实地考察本地文物古迹或参观历史博物馆，增加对政治制度的感性认识，同时了解我国古代历史的辉煌成就，增强作为中华民族一员的自豪感。

第1课 夏、商、西周的政治制度

尧舜时期，洪水泛滥。尧命令夏族首领鲧治理洪水，鲧因治水无功被杀。舜又命鲧之子禹治水。禹在外13年，三过家门而不入，最后用疏导的方法治理了水害。因禹治水有功，舜将部落联盟首领的权位传给他。历史上把这种传位给贤能人的制度称为“禅让制”。它被认为是古代社会理想的政治模式。后来，禹在同其他部落的争斗中，又取得前所未有的胜利，在部落联盟中享有极高的威望。这就为他建立我国历史上第一个王朝和王位世袭的实行奠定了基础。

◎从禅让到王位世袭

约公元前2070年，禹建立我国历史上第一个王朝——夏。中国出现早期国家政治制度。禹年老时沿用禅让的惯例，选举继位人。但是禹死后，他的儿子启夺得王位，并传位给自己的后代。这样，政治权力由“传贤”变成“传子”，王位在一家一姓中传承，“家天下”的局面逐渐形成。原始社会后期的禅让制被王位世袭制所取代。商朝建立后，王位有时父子相传，有时兄终弟及。

夏商的最高统治者为巩固自己的统治地位，把自己的

行为说成是天的意志，国家大事都通过占卜的方式来决

定，王权具有了神秘色彩。

夏商时期已初步建立起一套从中央到地方的行政管

理制度。商朝中央设有相、卿士等，掌管政务。地方封侯

和伯，侯、伯作为臣服于商朝的方国首领，定期向商王纳

贡，并奉命征伐。

学思之窗

《史记〃殷本纪》载：商朝的相，权力很大。伊尹是开国功臣。在汤灭夏桀和奠定政制中，他起了很大作用。汤死后，伊尹继续为相，先后辅佐了汤的三个儿子和一个孙子太甲。其中的太甲暴虐无道，不理政务，伊尹将他放逐，令他闭门思过。三年后，太甲悔改，伊尹又迎他回来执政。

思 考

从这段记载，你能看出商朝的相权有多大吗？

◎ 等级森严的分封制

公元前1046年．周武王伐纣灭商，建立周朝，史称西周。为了进行有效的统治，西周实行分封制。周武王把土地和人民分别授予王族功臣和古代帝王的后代．让他们建立诸侯国，拱卫王室。武王死后，其弟周公旦继续推行分封制度，扩展周的统治范围。周初分封的诸侯，大多数是同姓子弟．他们多被分封到重要地区。

分封制规定，诸侯必须服从周天子的命令，诸侯有为周天子镇守疆土、随从作战、交纳贡赋和朝觐述职的义务。同时，诸侯在自己的封疆内，又对卿大夫实行再分封。卿大夫再将士地和人民分赐给士。卿大夫和士也要向上一级承担作战等义务。这样层层分封下去，形成了贵族统治阶层内部的森严等级“天子—诸侯—卿大夫—士”。

西周通过分封制，加强了周天子对地方的统治。西周开发边远地区，扩大统治区域，形成对周王室众星捧月般的政治格局。西周成为一个延续数百年的强国。

在分封制下，周天子具有至尊权威，国家政权也逐渐由松散趋向严密。不过，受封的诸侯在自己的领地内，享有相当大的独立性，如设置官员、建立武装、征派赋役等。随着诸侯国势力的日益壮大，到西周后期，王权衰弱，分封制遭到破坏。

◎血缘关系维系的宗法制

为了加强分封制形成的统治秩序，解决贵族之间在权力、财产和土地继承上的矛盾，西周实行了与分封制互为表里的具有政治性质的宗法制。

宗法制是用父系血缘关系的亲疏来维系政治等级、巩固国家统治的制度。它规定，周王称为天子，王位由嫡长子继承，为大宗；其他儿子分封为诸侯，他们对天子来说是小宗，但在自己的领地内却是大宗。诸侯的爵位，也只有嫡长子才能继承，其他儿子领有封地成为卿大夫。卿大夫对诸侯来说是小宗，但在自己的领地内又是大宗。卿大夫与士的关系，依此类推。大宗可以命令和约束小宗，小宗必须服从大宗。周王是天下的大宗，也是政治上的最高领袖。

宗法制保证了各级贵族在政治上的垄断和特权地位，有利于统治集团内部的稳定和团结。

历史纵横

为更好地维护分封制和宗法制，西周还制定了各种礼乐制度。礼乐制度就是对统治阶级日常的政治、社会活动，例如祭神、结婚、丧葬等，制定一规则和仪式，并配有特定的音乐、不同等级的贵族要行不同的礼仪。周礼成为维护等级制度，防止僭（jiàn）越行为的工具，有利于统治秩序的稳定。

人教版必修一地理电子课本(五)
人教版高中化学必修一教材目录

人教版高中化学必修一教材目录（细）

第一章 从实验学化学

第一节 化学实验基本方法

一、化学实验安全

二、混合物的分离和提纯

第二节 化学计量在实验中的应用

一、物质的量的单位---摩尔

二、气体摩尔体积

三、物质的量在化学实验中的应用

第二章 化学物质及其变化

第一节 物质的分类

一、简单分类法及其应用

二、分散系及其分类

第二节 离子反应

一、酸、碱、盐在水溶液中的电离

二、离子反应及其发生的条件

第三节 氧化还原反应

一、氧化还原反应

二、氧化剂和还原剂

第三章 金属及其化合物

第一节 金属的化学性质

一、金属与非金属的反应

二、金属与酸和水的反应

三、铝与氢氧化钠的反应

四、物质的量在化学方程式计算中的应用

第二节 几种重要的金属化合物

一、钠的重要化合物

二、铝的重要化合物

三、铁的重要化合物

第三节 用途广泛的金属材料

一、常见合金的重要应用

二、正确选用金属材料

第四章 非金属及其化合物

第一节 无机非金属材料的主角---硅

一、二氧化硅和硅酸

二、硅酸盐

三、硅单质

第二节 富集在海水中的元素---氯

一、活泼的黄绿色气体---氯气

二、氯离子（Cl-）的检验

第三节 硫和氮的氧化物

一、二氧化硫和三氧化硫

二、二氧化氮和一氧化氮

三、二氧化硫和二氧化氮对大气的污染

第四节 氨 硝酸 硫酸

一、氨

二、硫酸和硝酸的氧化性