红与黑英文

and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839). Stendhal laid down for himself in a diary entry of May 1804:“regard everything I’ve read to date about man as a prediction; believe only what I have seen for myself. Joy, happiness, fame, all is upon it.” Futurity call it realism creation method. In France, Stendhal was the first litterateur to reveal corruption of the bourgeoisie through literature.

The novel marks the beginning of realism. André Gide said that The Red and the Black was a novel ahead of its time, that it was a novel for readers in the twentieth century. In Stendhal’s time, prose novels included dialogue and omniscient narrator descriptions; his great contribution to literary technique was describing the psychologies (feelings, thoughts, inner monologues) of the characters, resultantly he is considered the creator of the psychological novel.