Until the end of the 18th century it was men

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇一：美国文学选读 学习、复习笔记

美国文学

第一章 美国浪漫主义时期

一、美国浪漫主义时期概述

Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求

通过本章学习，了解１９世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

Ⅱ.本章重点及难点：

1．浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点

2．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。

3．分析讨论选读作品

Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求：

1.美国浪漫主义时期概述

(1)．"识记"内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景

(2)．"领会"内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现

a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响

b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证

(3)．"应用"内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释

2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ａ．华盛顿·欧文

1．一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯

2．识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》

3．领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格

4.应用：选读《瑞普·凡·温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色

Ｂ．拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生

1．一般识记：．爱默生的生平及创作生涯

2．识记：爱默生的超验主义思想

3．领会：

（1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等

（2）．爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》

4． 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观

Ｃ．纳撒尼尔·霍桑

1．一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯

2．识记：霍桑的长短篇小说

3．领会：

（1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构

（2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的"原罪"对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点）

（3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献

4．应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色

Ｄ．华尔特·惠特曼

1．一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯

2．识记：惠特曼的民主思想

3．领会：

（1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格

（2）．惠特曼的个人主义

4．应用：选读《草叶集》诗选："一个孩子的成长"、"涉水的骑兵'"、"自己之歌"的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格

Ｅ．赫尔曼·麦尔维尔

1．一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯

2．识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等

3．领会：《白鲸》的

（1）主题：表层及深层意义

（2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一

（3）象征手法和寓言的运用

（4）语言特色

4．应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色

Chapter l The Romantic Period

(一)"识记"内容：

1.The origin of Romantic American literature

The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.

2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ---Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman---whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.

3.Its social historical and cultural background

The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen's life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation's literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.

4.Major writers of this period

There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work.

It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.

(二)．领会内容

1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism

Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.

(1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural.

(2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.

(3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.

(4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving's effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper's long series of historical tales.

(5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.

2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism

Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and, later, in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.

(三)．应用内容

1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings.

(1) American Puritanism

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were

noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.

(2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.

2. New England Transcendentalism

New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant.

3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.

To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.

二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ⅰ. Washington Irving(1783-l859)

Irving's position in American literature Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of the American short stories.

一．一般识记

His life and major works

Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family. From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems, essays, and plays. In l798, he conc1uded his education at private schools and entered a law office, but he loved writing more.

His first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, which, written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker, won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in serials between 1819 and 1820, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic. The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like "Rip Van Winkle ＂, and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving, juxtaposing the Old World and the New, and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives.

The major work of his later years was The Life of George Washington.

二．识记

1.Irving's great indebtedness to European literature

Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources, which are chiefly Germanic. Irving's relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.

A History of New York is a patchwork of references, echoes, and burlesques. He parodies or imitates Homer, Cervantes, Fielding, Swift and many other favorites of his. He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving's "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture. Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England, filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography. Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.

2.Irving's unique contribution to American literature

Irving's contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Although greatly influenced by European literature, Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor. "Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow", however exotic these stories are, are among the treasures of the American language and culture. These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects, American landscape, and, in Irving's case, the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and. It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring. He was father of American short stories. And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.

三．领会

1.Irving's theme of conservatism as is revealed in "Rip Van Winkle"

Irving's taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past. This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed, to some extent, in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year s1eep, set against the background of the inevitably changing America. Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it. The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better. The revolution upset the natural order of things. In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip's 20 years' s1eep. By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains, and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era, lrving describes Rip's response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present, and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one. Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.

2.Irving's literary craftsmanship

Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."

(1) We get a strong sense impression as we read him along, since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.

(2) We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed. So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality.

(3) The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.

(4) Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character. He is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇二：The 18th Century

The 18th Century

Historical Background:

1) The idea of democracy and liberty was rooted and taken into shape at home. The constitutional monarchy set up by parliament in 1688 was a compromise between the middle class and the aristocrats. After the Glorious Revolution, the monarch was deprived of ruling power and in his place Parliament became the actual leader of the country. The conservative Tory and the liberal Whig, though representing the interests of different classes, both supported commerce and the policy of tolerance.

2) England began to become a supreme power abroad. England grew from a second rate country to a powerful country in the 18th century by defeating other European powers, esp. France. In these wars the navy of England grew in strength and by the end of the 18th century England had become the leading naval power in Europe.

With the ascent of the middle class cultural life had undergone remarkable changes. Some special features are worthy of our notice:

1. Political writings: The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers and literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes. In the previous ages authors had to depend on the patron, i.e., feudal lords, for their support either financially or politically. From now on writing became an independent job, and many writers became hack writers, or “Grub Street writers” (for many of them lived on Grub Street) who took writing as a profession. Both parties were looking for writers who could best give voice to their policies. Hardly a writer of the time was free from political bias. And so long as they were well paid, they could serve any master and would shift their political ground easily. Thus, Swift at first was a Whig, and later became a Tory, and Defoe served whatever party that was in power.

2. Newspapers and journals: With the coming of the 18th century a new mass medium came into being. Both parties printed newspaper as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers. For the middle class demanded entertainment and education. They also demanded a means by which they could express their opinions on political and moral problems. So in the 18th century newspapers and journals flourished and with them prose became for a time the predominant genre of the writing. Many great writers of the 18th century were great essayists, as essays were also a means to enlighten or educate the youth.

3. Coffeehouses: In the later half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes, where they could exchange their opinions and do business. At the coffeehouses men would smoke, drink chocolate or coffee, read the newspapers, write and receive letters, exchange news, gossip, and opinions, and observe the oddities of personal character that the English have always been delighted in cultivating. Men of the same profession tended to gather at certain coffeehouse, for instance, literary men liked staying at Will’s in Covent Garden where John Dryden ruled most of his life in London, scholars and the learned professions at the Grecian’s, Whigs at St. James, and so on. Addison’s Spectator

Addison’s Spectator Club and Johnson’s club were well known in the history of English literature. This tradition was passed down into the 19the century when we have Dickens’s Pickwick Club. The men who frequented coffeehouse formed an influential element among the reading public and helped to determine the tone of literature, the critical reputation of writers, and the success or

failure of plays.

4. The new morality: The men of the 18th century, while enjoying peace and prosperity at home, were against the fanaticism(狂热) of the Puritans who in the 17th century had taken a hostile attitude towards both entertainment and the immorality of court life.

5. An age of reason. The 18th century, in spite of the fact that the Whigs held sway for forty years, was so uneventful that it was an age of moderation, tolerance, and common sense. This was to a great extent due to the development of science and philosophy of the time. It was an age in which reason, rather than emotion, played an important role. Hence, it was also called an age of reason. Reason is the analytical and critical faculty of the human mind. The philosophers and writers in France used reason as a weapon to denounce the feudal class and to enlighten the people by stating that the Church and the feudal rule were against reason. But in England, as the bourgeoisie was already in power, reason was used by thinkers to justify the existing system by stating that the status quo (the present situation) was the most reasonable and just system of mankind. So reason in England was a tool for the bourgeoisie to consolidate its rule.

6. Science and technology: in order to understand why reason came to be predominant in the 18th century, it is important to know something about Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke.

Although Issac Newton (1642-1727) was a scientist, his works are of profound significance in the history of thought. In 1678 he made known to the world his famous law of gravitation, by which all objects in the universe are attracted to each other by a certain force which is in direct proportion to their mass and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between the objects. Thus it is the function of the scientist to discover laws. Henceforth, gone was the medieval conception that the universe was guided by divine will. Men were living in a mechanistic world which ran as precisely as a clock. Newton’s philosophy did not rule out the idea of God, but it deprived God of his power to guide the stars in their course or to command the sun to stand still. John Locke (1632-1704) was the father of a new theory of knowledge. Following Francis Bacon, he held that all of men’s knowledge originates from sense perception. He insisted that the human mind at birth is a blank slate, upon which nothing is inscribed. It does not contain the idea of a god or any notion of right or wrong. Not until the new born baby begins to have experiences and to perceive the external world, is anything registered in the mind. But the simple ideas which result directly from sense perception are merely the foundation of knowledge, no human being could live intelligently on the basis of them alone.

These simple ideas must be integrated and fused into compound ideas. This is the function of reason, or understanding, which is the power to combine, coordinate, and organize the impressions received from senses and thus to build a body of general truth. Sensation and reason are both inseparable; the one for furnishing raw materials of knowledge and the other for shaping them into meaningful forms. This emphasis on reason and its importance in the process of cognition ushered in the “Age of Reason.”

7. The French influence: classicism as a trend first originated in France during the reign of Louis XIV (1638-1715) when France was the leading power of the western world. Boileau’s (1636-1711) L’Art Poetique (1674) was a declaration of classicism, which propounded that dramatists should follow the rules set down by Roman writers. For example, in drama, a dramatist should observe the three unities of action, place, and time. In literature most writers of the time had a great respect for the classic writers, and especially for Romans such as Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.) and Ovid (43

B.C.-8 A.D.) who lived and wrote during the reign of Emperor Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) when Rome was enjoying peace and prosperity and its culture was characterized by harmony, decorum, and proportion. They believed that those Roman writers had established the perfect art and rules of art for future generations to follow. Those rules could best be learned from close study of their works and by careful imitation of them.

The features of Neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:

1) People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. Writers strove to repress emotions and enthusiasm as found in the works of Elizabethan writers and to use precise and elegant methods of expression.

2) As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic and satirical.

3) As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred, the poet found heroic couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.

4) It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities. The humbler aspects of life are neglected and poetry shows no love of nature, landscape, or country things and people.

5) It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic.” It is unsympathetic towards the “rude” masters of old literature—towards Chaucer, Spenser, and even Shakespeare, and it is especially hostile towards everything that belonged to the Middle Ages with its chivalrous extravagance, visionary idealism, and strong religious faith.

Alexander Pope (1688-1744). 1) He evoked the use of human rationality to satire false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge. 2) As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.

3) Pope was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum. Pope developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and finally brought to its last perfection the heroic couplet Dryden had successfully used in his plays.

Alexander Pope: his major works include: An Essay on Criticism (1711), The Rape of the Lock (1712) (Pope’s best satiric work), The Dunciad (愚人记，1728), An Essay on Man (1733-34), “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot” (1735). He also translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and edited some of Shakespeare’s plays.

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇三：2013年11月17日托福阅读真题解析

2013年11月17日托福阅读真题解析

第一篇

TOPIC 美国经济萧条 The Great Depression

经济萧条之前的经济繁荣，1920年前后经济飞速增长，导致人们认为政府不应该干涉经济（有考点），但在大萧条之后观点改变了。经济萧条之前，人们都投钱到股市，这是股价上升的主要原因，而非上市公司的利润也增加（考点）。但股票投资者哄抬股市，比公司实际收益高出好多。然后突然就下降了，从1929年某天起，股市一天下降9%。持续长达两年半（句子简化）。

接下来说人们没有存钱和保险，还涉及unemployment，买东西都是根据信用向银行贷款，然后萧条之后没工作没钱，就什么都买不到了，所以manufacture和retailer也受到了影响。因为他们卖不出东西了。

然后说大萧条的两个stage，一开始没那么严重，由于没钱投资外国了，然后就造成了更长更严重的影响（考点）。然后人们态度转变，银行不可信了。大家求助于政府，银行家和胡佛就是始作俑者（考点）。

解析：本文属历史类话题，涉及内容是美国近代历史中非常著名的1929-33年经济大萧条。可以看到当涉及历史内容时，经济还是最主要的考察维度。本文结构属描述类文章，非常类似于维基百科式写法。关于大萧条相信很多同学尤其是学习经济金融相关专业的同学一定非常熟悉，下附简单介绍，结合学习了解。

词汇题： extensive

The Great Depression

The Great Depression began in August of 1929, when the United States economy first went into an economic recession. Although the country spent two months with declining GDP, it was not until the Wall Street Crash of October, 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. Although its causes are still uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future.

The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially high consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted overoptimistic loans by banks and investors, and the lack of high-growth new industries, all interacting to create a downw;lard economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence, and lowered production.

Industries that suffered the most included construction, agriculture as dust-bowl conditions persisted in the agricultural heartland, shipping, mining, and logging as well as durable goods like automobiles and appliances that could be postponed. The economy reached bottom in the winter of 1932–33; then came four years of very rapid growth until 1937, when the Recession of 1937 brought back 1934 levels of unemployment.

The Depression caused major political changes in America. Three years into the depression, Herbert Hoover lost the 1932 presidential election to Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a sweeping landslide. Roosevelt's economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics.

The Depression also resulted in an increase of emigration of people to other countries for the first time in American history. For example, some immigrants went back to their native countries, and some native US citizens went to Canada, Australia, and South Africa. It also resulted in the mass migration of people from badly hit areas in the Great Plains and the South to places such as California and the North, respectively (see Okies and the Great Migration of African Americans). Racial tensions also increased during this time. By the 1940s immigration had returned to normal, and emigration declined. A well-known example of an emigrant was Frank McCourt, who went to Ireland, as recounted in his book Angela's Ashes.

The memory of the Depression also shaped modern theories of economics and resulted in many changes in how the government dealt with economic downturns, such as the use of stimulus packages, Keynesian economics, and Social Security. It also shaped modern American literature, resulting in famous novels such as John Steinbeck's "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men".

第二篇

TOPIC 欧洲工业化

先说虽然有和美国人贸易的原因，但主要是自己的原因。先是人口的增长导致需求增多，然后农民有钱了，就可以发展工业。一些小国家技术也发展。农民还把一些产品四处带来带去，使原来local-scale的产品国际化。

接下来说材料的原因。一些原来worthless的oil现在可以用了，原来很贵的材料不贵了，政府也大力发展这些。举了例子说法国急于发展出版业，因为当时有家族控制阻挠。本来1453年应该印刷某些说明，但推后了20年才出版。接着说printed技术特别好，传到巴黎后，传播飞快（考点）。

最后说了交通因素。因为战争变少（考点），导致loss变少，给了人们security。同时一些组织使得本应交纳的利息也变少了。这一切都导致了商品价格的下降。

解析：本文属历史类话题，涉及内容为欧洲史，重点谈及工业革命前的欧洲工业化发展情况。文章结构很明显很典型的因果类，先结果后原因。

Early modern Europe

Early modern Europe is the term used by historians to refer to a period in the history of Europe which spanned the centuries between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. The early modern period is often considered to have begun with such events as the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy; the invention of

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇四：reading prctice阅读短文(高一程度)

1

Henry found work in a bookstore after he finished middle school. He wouldn‟t do anything but wanted to get rich. Mr. King thought he was too lazy and was going to send him away. Henry was afraid and had to work hard.

It was a cold morning. It was snowing and there was thin ice on the streets. Few people went to buy the books and the young man had nothing to do. He hated to read, so he watched the traffic. Suddenly he saw a bag fall off a truck and it landed by the other side of the street.

“It must be full of expensive things,” Henry said to himself, “I have to get it, or others will take it away. ”

He went out of the shop and ran across the street. A driver saw him and began to whistle（鸣笛）, but he didn‟t hear it and went on running. The man drove aside, hit a big tree and was hurt in the accident. Two weeks later Henry was taken to court（法庭）. A judge asked if he heard the whistle when he was running across the street. He said that something was wrong with his ears and he could hear nothing.

“But you‟ve heard me this time.” said the judge.

“Oh, I‟m sorry. Now I can hear with one ear.”

“Cover the ear with your hand and listen to me with your deaf（聋的）one. Well, can you hear me? ”

“No, I can‟t. sir. ”

2

The United States is full of cars. There are still many families without cars, but some families have two or more. However, cars are used for more than pleasure. They are a necessary part of life.

Cars are used for business. They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have no other way to get to their jobs. When salesmen are sent to different parts of the city, they have to drive in order to carry their products. Farmers have to drive into the city in order to get supplies.

Sometimes small children must be driven to school. In some cities school buses are used only when children live more than a mile away from the school. When the children are too young to walk too far, their mothers take turns driving them to school. One mother drives on Mondays taking her own children and the neighbors' as well. Another mother drives on Tuesdays, another on Wednesday, and so on. This is called forming a car pool. Men also form car pools, with three or four men taking turns driving to the place where they all work.

More car pools should be formed in order to put fewer cars on the road and use less gas. Too many cars are being driven. Something will have to be done about the use of cars.

3

Every day, 340 million people speak it. One billion people are learning it and it is said that by 2050, half of the world‟s population will be using it. What are we talking about? That global language — English.

The English language started in Britain in the 5th century. It is a mixed language. It was built up when German. Scandinavian and French invaders settled in England and created a common language for communication.

Today it is the official language of the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Ireland as well as many islands in the Carribbean . Many other countries and regions use it for politics and business, for example, India, Pakistan, Nigeria and the Philippines. English is also one of the official languages of Hong Kong.

But global advertising and pop music mean that in most countries, you will see or hear some English. Thanks to McDonalds, we all know about "burgers". "fries" and "milkshakes". Songs by Madonna, Britney Spears and Celine Dion are in English. We can sing along, even if we do not understand what we are singing!

English is a messy (杂乱的) language. Every year, dictionaries include new words that talk about popular culture, for example, computer-related words such as "blogging", "download" and "chatroom". Also included are words that teenagers use. Who does not know "cool", "OK" and “hello” ?

Other languages also influence English. Many English words come from French. Words like "cafe" and expressions like "c'est la vie" (that is life) are all part of the English language. On the other hand, the French language includes English words like "le weekend" and "le camping". German words are also part of English. Words like "kindergarten" come from the German language.

Recently, British people have become interested in "yoga". But the word comes from an ancient Hindu language in India.

4

In order to know a foreign language thoroughly（完全地），four things are necessary． First， we must understand the language when we hear it spoken． Secondly， we must be able to speak it ourselves， with confidence（自信） and without hesitation（犹豫）． Thirdly， we must do much reading． Finally， we must be able to write it． We must be able to make sentences that are correct in grammar．

There are no shortcuts to success in language learning． A good memory is a great help， but it is not enough only to memorize the rules from a grammar book． It is not much learning by heart long lists（一览表） of words and their meanings， studying the dictionary and so on． We must

learn by using the language．

If we are pleased with a few rules we have memorized， we are not really learning the language． We must “learn through use．” Practice is important． We must practise speaking and writing the language whenever we can．

5.

On Nov.18th,1908,three men went up in a balloon(气球).They started early in London. The headman was Auguste Gaudron, and the other two men were Tannar and Maitland. They had a big balloon and they were ready for a long way.

Soon they heard the sea. They were carrying the usual rope(绳子),and it was hanging down from the basket of the balloon. At the end of the rope they had tied a metal box. This could hold water, or it could be empty. So they were able to change its weight(重量).It was for use over the sea. They were also carrying some bags of sand.

After the sun rose, the balloon went higher. It went up to 3,000 meters, and the air was very cold. The water in the balloon became ice. Snow fell past the men's basket, and they could see more snow on the ground. The men tried to throw out some more sand; but it was hard. They tried to break the icy sand with their knives, but it was not easy. The work was slow and they were still falling, so they had to drop some whole bags of sand. One of them fell on an icy lake and made a black hole in the ice.

At last they pulled the box into the basket. It was still snowing; so they climbed to get away from the snow. They rose to 5,100 meters! Everything became icy. They were so cold that they decided to land. They came down in Poland heavily but safely. They had traveled 1,797 kilometers from London!

6

Tom arrived at the bus station quite early for Paris bus. The bus for Paris would not leave until five to twelve. He saw a lot of people waiting in the station. Some were standing in line(排队), others were walking around. There was a group of schoolgirls. Their teacher was trying to keep them in line. Tom looked around but there was no place for him to sit.

He walked into the station cafe(咖啡馆). he looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty to twelve. He found a seat and sat down before a large mirror(镜子) on the wall. Just then, Mike, one of Tom's workmates came in and sat with Tom.

"What time is your bus " asked Mike.

"There's plenty of time yet," answered Tom.

"Well, I'll get you some more tea then," said Mike.

They talked while drinking. Then Tom looked at the clock again. "Oh! It's going backward(倒行)!" he cried. "A few minutes ago it was twenty to twelve and now it's half past eleven."

"You're looking at the clock in the mirror." said Mike. Tom was so sad(难过). The next bus was not to leave for another hour. Since then Tom has never liked mirrors.

7

A young father was visiting an old neighbor． They were standing in the old man's garden， and talking about children． The young man said， “How strict should parents be with their

children？”

The old man pointed to a string（绳子）between a big strong tree and a thin young one． “Please untie（解开）that string，” he said． The young man untied it， and the young tree bent（弯）over to one side． “Now tie it again， please，” said the old man， “but first pull the string tight so that the young tree is straight again．”

The young man did so． Then the old man said， “There，it is the same with children． You must be strict with them， but sometimes you must untie the string to know how they are getting on． If they are not yet able to stand alone， you must tie the string tight again． But when you find that they are ready to stand alone， you can take the string away．”

8

Charlie studied in a famous college for four years． He studied hard and did well in all his subjects． He hoped to become a good teacher． This year he left the college and began to work in a middle school． He likes his students and is strict（严格的） with them． He does his best to make his classes lively and interesting．

One day he carefully explained a chemical reaction（反应） to the students of Grade 2 in the chemistry lab．

“Be careful， everyone，” he said loudly． “Before I make the experiment，there're twenty five atoms of carbon（碳原子），but after I finish it， there're twenty four atoms of carbon left！” He stopped to watch the classroom and hoped his students would go on explaining it． But the young men looked at each other and nobody answered him． He had to ask， “What happens？ What makes the atom lost？”

The classroom was very quiet and none of the students looked at their teacher．

“Who can tell us where it has gone？”

Suddenly a soft voice came from the back row， “We did not see anybody leave the lab！”

9

I have been a student at Bentley College in Waltham for some time now, so I have a lot of experience and know how things work at Bentley. As a freshman(新生)at Bentley College you will be living in the Tree Dorms, Slade Hall or Miller Hall. I would highly suggest that you choose to live in the Tree Dorms because this is where most fresh-men are going to be living. There will be a lot of activities going on in the building and you will meet lots of people. Slade Hall is next to the parking lot and not far from the Tree Dorms, so that would be your second choice. As Miller Hall is small and far away, it would be my last choice for freshmen housing. If Bentley offers you the chance to live with second or third year students you‟d better refuse their offer and live with freshmen. Living with your classmates will make the transition (过渡) into college life a lot easier. As a freshman your classes should be easy. After freshman year your classes will become a lot

more difficult, so I advise that you get down to business early in the first year. There are two very easy things you can do to increase your knowledge as a freshman. The first is to just go to class and the second is to always do your homework. I also highly advise that you do it on your own and try to stay disciplined. It is too easy to put your homework away and then get really behind and not be able to learn everything before a mid-term or final exam.

10

Nick Campbell sat at the side of the road and wondered what to do next. He looked at the second-hand Harley Davidson he‟d bought from a back-street garage back home in Miami at the beginning of his trip six weeks before.

For years he had dreams of crossing the United States from east to west by motorbike and he‟d finally decided that it was now or never. He‟d given up his job, sold his car and set off for the journey of his dreams. He‟d been lucky, or so he thought, to find this old Harley Davidson and had bought it for a very reasonable price------it had cost him just $600. But five kilometers from Atlanta, he had run out of luck. The motorbike had broken down.

He pushed the bike into town and found a garage. The young mechanic told him to leave the bike overnight and come back the next day. The following morning, to his surprise, the man asked if the bike was for sale. “Certainly not,” he replied, paid his bill and hit the road.

When he got to Kansas the old machine ran out of steam again. This time Nick thought about selling it and buying something more reliable, but decided to carry on. When the bike was going well, he loved it.

However, in Denver, Colorado the bike broke down again so he decided to take it to a garage and offer it for sale. The mechanic told him to come back in the morning. the head, but clearly not short of money, Nick asked for $ 3,000. The man agreed and they signed the papers. Then the mechanic started laughing. In fact it was several minutes before he could speak and when he could he said, “That‟s the worst deal you‟ll ever make, boy.”

He removed the seat. On the underside was the inscription (铭文):

“To Elvis, love James Dean.”

11

I made a promise to myself on the way down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I would try to be a loving husband and father. Totally loving. No ifs, ands or buts.

The idea had come to me as I listened to a talk on my car radio. The speaker was quoting a Biblical passage about husbands and their wives. Then he went on to say, “Love is an act of will.

A person can choose to love.” To myself, I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband. Well, for two weeks that would change.

And it did. Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said, “That new yellow sweater looks great on you.” “Oh, Tom, you noticed”, she said, surprised and pleased. Maybe a little puzzled. After the long drive, I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn suggested a walk on the beach. I started to refuse, but then I thought, “Evelyn‟s been alone here with the kids all week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇五：高二英语第二学期测试

潮阳第四中学高二级第二学期测试英语试题

第一部分：语言知识及应用（共两节。满分45分）第一节 完形填空（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1~15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

The key to getting along with others is good communication skills. Communication is one of the biggest in relationships between men and women. Researchers say that the main problem is different communication styles. Men and women have different communication the differences Men‟s communication style is They usually take a direct approach to a problem a solution(解决办法). Men often make decisions by themselves. Women‟s communication style is to discuss problems and they make a The conversation are also different between men and women. Women like to discuss personal issues and talk about their feelings. Talking about problems is in friendships for women. Even at school or on the job, talking about personal topics and feelings.

Men, on the other hand ,are less comfortable discussing their feelings. Many men don‟t like to talk about emotions and feelings. Men like to talk about current events, business, and personal achievements. Men build by doing activities togethers. On the other hand, women build friendships by feelings.

problems in relationships? Men often think that women are complaining(抱怨), because women want to talking about their feelings. Men offer a solution to a problem, and then want to talk about something else. The second problem is that women often think that men don‟t want to discuss things. Actually, men just want to discuss things.

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A. competitions B. challenges A. Imagining A. simply A. traditional A. announce A. opinions A. mistake A. styles B. Describing B. effectively B. typical B. change B. experience B. promise B. details C. adventures C. naturally C. direct C. refuse C. questions C. decision C. topics D. advantages D. practically D. formal D. suggest D. knowledge D. conclusion D. way C. Remembering D. Understanding

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15. A. important A. ashamed A. friendships A. hiding A. avoid A. stop B. amusing B. ambition B. sharing B. solve B. continue C. difficult C. satisfaction C. showing C. cause C. enjoy D. boring D. nervous D. confidence D. creating D. reduce D. start B. comfortable C. proud A. different B. crazy C. interesting D. curious

第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16～25的相应位置上。

There was an extraordinary long queue at the gas station yesterday. was wrinkled and weather-beaten. She stood silently by the hand reaching out. She waited for some time and got no response. Then she walked over to my car. As she approached I got this state.

to reach out to her. I immediately took out my wallet and gave her the money, more than (normal) give to anyone asking for money. The woman murmured some words which I could not make out, but there was a look of gratitude in her eyes. woman, a stranger who walked in and out of my life for just a very short time.

第二部分：阅读（共两节。满分50分）

第一节 阅读理解（共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

A

All her life, my mother wanted busy children. It was very important that her house should remain at all times clean and tidy. You could turn your back for a moment in my mother‟s house, leave a half-written letter on the dining room table, a magazine open on the chair, and turn around to find that my mother had “put it back where it belonged,” as she explained.

My wife, one of her first visits to my mother‟s house, placed a packet of biscuits on an end table and went to the kitchen to fetch a drink. When she returned, she found the packet had been removed. Confused, she set down her drink and went back to the kitchen for more biscuits, only to return to find that her drink had disappeared. Up to then she had guessed that everyone in my family held onto their drinks, so as not to make water rings on the end tables. Now she knows better.

These disappearance had a confusing effect on our family. We were all inclined to (有……的倾向) forgetfulness, and it was common for one of us, upon returning from the bathroom, to find that every sign of his work in progress had disappeared suddenly. “ Do you remember what I was doing?” was a question frequently asked, but rarely answered. brother does the cleaning in his house, perhaps to avoid having to be the one to lift his feet. I try not to think about it too much, but I have at this later time started to dust the furniture once a week.

We have all become busy persons.

26. This passage mainly tells us that ______.

A. my mother often made us confused

B. my family members had a poor memory

C. my wife was surprised when she visited my mother

D. my mother helped us to form a good habit

27. My wife could not find her biscuits and drink in my mother‟s house because _______.

A. she had already finished them

B. someone in my family was holding them

C. she forgot where she had left them

D. my mother had taken them away

28. The underlined part suggests that my sister ______.

A. is happy to clean windows B. loves to clean used windows

C. likes cleaning windows as my mother did

D. is fond of cleaning used windows

29. How many persons are mentioned in the passage?

A. Four. B. Five. C. Six. D. Seven.

30. Which of the following is TRUE about my mother?

A. she enjoyed removing others‟ drinks.

B. She became more and more forgetful.

C. She wanted to keep her house in good order.

D. She preferred to do everything by herself.

B

Tourism probably started in Roman times. Rich Romans visited friends and family who were working in another part of the Roman empire. But when the empire broke down, this kind of tourism stopped.

In the early 17th century, the idea of the “Grand Tour” was born. Rich young English people sailed across the English Channel（英吉利海峡）. They visited the most beautiful and important European cities of the time, including Paris in France, and Rome and Venice（威尼斯）in Italy. Their tours lasted for two to four years, and the tourists stayed a few weeks or months in each city. The “Grand Tour” was an important part of young people‟s education—but only for the rich.

In the 18th century, tourism began to change. For example, people in the UK started to visit some towns, such as Bath to “take the waters”. They believed that the water there was good for their health. So large and expensive hotels were built in these towns.

In the 19th century, travel became much more popular and faster. When the first railways were built in the 1820s, it was easier for people to travel between towns, so they started to go for holidays by the sea. And some started to have holidays in the countryside as cities became larger, noisier and dirtier.

Traveling by sea also became faster and safer when the first steamships were built. People began to travel more to far-away countries.

The 20th century saw cars become more and more popular among ordinary people. Planes were made larger, so ticket prices dropped and more people used them.

Thus tourism grew. In 1949, Russian journalist Vladimir Raitz started a company called Horizon Holidays. The company organizes everything—plane tickets, hotel rooms, even food—and tourists pay for it all before they leave home. The package tour and modern tourist industry was born.

The first travel agency in China was set up as early as 1949. But tourism did not take off until 1978. In 2002, the industry was worth 500 billion Yuan and became an important part of China‟s social development.

31．In the early times, the travelers __________.

A. all came from Roman B. traveled by boat

C. were very young and strong D. had lots of money

32．Which of the following is true？

A. The young men learned little from Grand Tour.

B. Tourism became faster and safer when the first railways were built in the 18th century.

C. In 2002, tourism became a significant part of China‟s social development.

D. More people chose planes for its cheap price.

33．_________ played the most important role in the tourism development.

A. Transportation B. Education C. Money D. People‟s ideas

34．Modern tourism was born ___________.

A. in 1949 B. in Roman times

C. in the early 17th century D. in 1978

35．The underlined phrase “take off” (in the last paragraph) means __________.

A. a plane rising into the air B. develop very fast

C. remove hats and clothes D. bring down the prices

C

Why do men die earlier than women? The latest research makes it known that the reason could be that men‟s hearts go into rapid decline when they reach middle age.

The largest study of the effects of ageing on the heart has found that women‟s with age.

“We have found that the power of the male heart falls by 20-25 percent between 18 and 70 years of age,” said the head of the study, David Goldspink of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK.

“Within the heart there are millions of cells that enable it to beat. Between the age of 20 and 70, one-third of those cells die and are not replaced in men,” said Goldspink. “This is part of the ageing process.”

What surprises scientists is that the female heart sees very little loss of these cells. A healthy 70-year-old woman‟s heart could perform almost as well as a 20-year-old one‟s.

“This gender difference might just explain why women live longer than men,” said Goldspink. They studied more than 250 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 80, focusing on healthy persons to remove the confusing influence of disease. “The team has yet to find why ageing takes a greater loss on the male heart,” said Goldspink.

The good news is that men can improve the health of their heart with regular exercise. Goldspink stressed that women also need regular exercise to prevent their leg muscles becoming smaller and weaker as they age.

36. The underlined word “longevity” in the second paragraph probably refers to “________”.

A. health B. ageing C. long life D. effect

37. The text mainly talks about ________.

A. men‟s heart cells B. hearts and long life

C. the gender difference D. women‟s ageing process

38. according to the text, the UK scientists have known that ________.

A. the female heart loses few of the cells with age

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇六：英国文学选读全攻略

Sonnet, lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling, sometimes resolved or summed up in the last lines of the poem. Originally short poems accompanied by mandolin or lute music, sonnets are generally composed in the standard meter of the language in which they were written—for example, iambic pentameter in English, and the Alexandrine in French (see Versification). The two main forms of the sonnet are the Petrarchan, or Italian, and the English, or Shakespearean. The former probably developed from the stanza form of the canzone or from Italian folk song. The earliest known Italian sonneteer was Guittone d'Arezzo. The form reached its peak with the Italian poet Petrarch, whose Canzoniere (about 1327) includes 317 sonnets addressed to his beloved Laura. Among Petrarch's followers, who helped to establish the sonnet tradition in their own countries, were his countryman Torquato Tasso; Luis de Camões in Portugal; and Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, and other members of the French group known as the Pléiade (see Pleiad). The sonnet form was also introduced into the literature of the Slavic countries. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, are credited with introducing the sonnet into England with translations of Italian sonnets as well as with sonnets of their own.

The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave, or eight-line stanza, and a sestet, or six-line stanza. The octave has two quatrains, rhyming a b b a, a b b a, but avoiding a couplet; the first quatrain presents the theme, the second develops it. The sestet is built on two or three different rhymes, arranged c d e c d e, or c d c d c d, or c d e d c e; the first three lines exemplify or reflect on the theme, and the last three lines bring the whole poem to a unified close. Excellent examples of the Petrarchan sonnet in the English language are found in the sonnet sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) by Sir Philip Sidney, which established the form in England. There, in the

Elizabethan age, it reached the peak of its popularity.

The English sonnet, exemplified by the work of William Shakespeare and by Amoretti (1595) by Edmund Spenser, developed as an adaptation to a language less rich in rhymes than Italian. This form differs from the Petrarchan sonnet in being divided into three quatrains, each rhymed differently, with a final, independently rhymed couplet that makes an effective, unifying climax to the whole. The rhyme scheme is a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g.

In the 16th century the English sonnet dealt primarily with the subject of love. In the 17th century the sonnet tradition in England continued, but with more varied subject matter. John Donne wrote a series of Holy Sonnets; and the sonnets of John Milton, written in both English and Italian, concern politics, religion, and personal matters. Milton's sonnets, based on the Petrarchan form, differ slightly in not having a break in the sense between octave and sestet. This results in an even greater cohesiveness of structure.

After Milton, however, the popularity of the sonnet form in English declined somewhat until the end of the 18th century, when the romantic poets (see Romanticism) revitalized it. William Wordsworth is regarded as the finest sonnet writer of the period, although outstanding sonnets were also written by his contemporaries Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats. During the Victorian period Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850), and Dante Gabriel Rossetti wrote the sonnet sequence The House of Life (1881). Other important sonneteers include Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, Christina Georgina Rossetti, and Gerard Manley Hopkins in England; and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the United States. The work of Hopkins is marked by radical variations in the traditional sonnet form; for example, his 11-line sonnet “Pied Beauty” uses

sprung rhythm and begins with a sestet, concluding with a quatrain and a very short final line. The sonnet form has proved adaptable to 20th-century themes and diction. The Austro-German poet Rainer Maria Rilke wrote what is considered one of the greatest of modern sonnet sequences, Sonnets to Orpheus (1923; translated 1936). Edwin Arlington Robinson, Elinor Wylie, and Edna St. Vincent Millay are noted 20th-century American sonneteers. The Anglo-American W. H. Auden wrote the distinguished sequence Sonnets from China (1936-1938), as well as numerous individual sonnets. Notebook (1969) by American poet Robert Lowell comprises blank-verse sonnets on personal and historical events.

莎士比亚

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

-- the greatest of all dramatists

Birth Date. William Shakespeare, surely the world's most performed and admired playwright, was born in April, 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, about 100 miles northwest of London. According to the records of Stratford's Holy Trinity Church, he was baptized on April 26. Since it was customary to baptize infants within days of birth, and since Shakespeare died 52 years later on April 23, and--most significantly--since April 23 is St. George's day, the patron saint of England, it has become traditional to assign the birth day of England's most famous poet to April 23. As with most sixteenth century births, the actual day is not recorded. And as with most remarkable men, the power of myth and symmetry has proven irresistible. So April 23 it has become.

Parents and Family. Shakespeare's parents were John and Mary Shakespeare, who lived in Henley Street, Stratford. John, the son of Richard Shakespeare, was a whittawer (a maker, worker and seller of leather goods such as purses, belts and gloves) and a dealer in agricultural commodities. He was a solid, middle class citizen at the time of William's birth, and a man on the rise. He served in Stratford government successively as a member of the Council (1557), constable (1558), chamberlain (1561), alderman (1565) and finally high bailiff (1568)--the equivalent of town mayor. About 1577 John Shakespeare's fortunes began to decline for unknown reasons. There are records of debts. In 1586 he was replaced as alderman for shirking responsibilities, and in 1592 was reprimanded for not coming to church for fear of process of debt.

Mary, the daughter of Robert Arden, had in all eight children with John Shakespeare. William was the third child and the first son. Click on the following link to a genealogical table which will illustrate many of the details of Shakespeare's relationships.

Birth Place. In the sixteenth century Stratford-upon-Avon was an important agricultural center and market town, its market being licensed in the twelfth century by Richard I. The building in Henley street known today as the "birthplace" was at the time of Shakespeare's birth actually two adjacent buildings that John Shakespeare purchased at different times. Illustrations of it are based on the 18th century water color by Richard Greene made after the two buildings were joined into one. There are no renderings of the original buildings.

The "birth room" was not "identified" until the 18th century when the Shakespeare tourism industry was in its infancy. Any claims to detailed information about Shakespeare's birth are certainly speculative at best. You may see pictures of the various buildings associated with Shakespeare's youth provided by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. The Birthplace Trust also provides maps of present day Stratford.

 

 via the Birthplace Trust web site. A large via the Birthplace Trust web site. A via the Birthplace Trust web site.

Education. Records for the Stratford grammar school (The King's New School - dedicated by Edward VI) from the time Shakespeare would have attended have been lost, but attend he undoubtedly did since the school was built and maintained expressly for the purpose of educating the sons of prominent citizens. The sons of burgesses attended free.

The curriculum commenced with the hornbook in order to learn the English alphabet, and thereafter was largely devoted to learning the Latin grammar, based on Lily's Grammaticis Latina (this Lily was the grandfather of the playwright John Lily--often spelled Lyly), and later translating and reading the standard Roman authors. They began with what was considered the relatively easy Latin of Aesop's Fables (translated from Greek), then Caesar, and then moved on to Cicero, Virgil, Ovid (the author that seems to have been Shakespeare's favorite), Horace, Suetonius, Livy, and, notably for a dramatist, Seneca, Terence and (perhaps) Plautus. How long Shakespeare attended the school is not known, but from his obvious mastery and love for the Latin authors, the grammar school must have at least begun the process that he later mastered.

No one knows how long Shakespeare remained at the Stratford Grammar School, but Nicholas Rowe (first editor of Shakespeare's Works after the Folio editions and his first biographer--1709) reports that "...the want of his assistance at Home, forc'd his Father to withdraw him from thence." ().

In any event, reckoned as part of William's early education must be the ways of business he would have learned around his father's shop. Concerning this period, there is a legend reported in Aubrey's Brief Lives (Aubrey was a seventeenth century gentleman known as a gossip and raconteur--1681) that "...his father was a Butcher, & I have been told heretofore by some of the neighbors, that when he was a boy he exercised his father's Trade, but when he kill'd a Calfe, he would do it in a high style, & make a Speech." As unlikely as this behavior seems from someone who shows empathy for animals in his poetry--almost alone among his contemporaries--the detail of having been apprenticed to his father (who was not a butcher but a worker in leather, and probably did not do his own butchering) may well be correct.

Finally, as part of Shakespeare's early education and influences, the Warwickshire countryside cannot be ignored. The plays and poetry are full of images taken from nature, gardening, agricultural pursuits, and country folklore.

Marriage. On November 28, 1582 the Bishop of Worcester issued the marriage bond for "William Shagspere" and "Ann Hathwey of Stratford." This was, almost beyond doubt, Anne Hathaway, daughter of Richard Hathaway of Shottery--a gathering of farm houses near Stratford.

Richard Hathaway's will does not specify a daughter Anne, but names her Agnes, a name used interchangeably for Anne in the sixteenth century. He was a substantial, Warwickshire farmer with a spacious house and fields.

The banns were asked only once in church, rather than the customary three times, because the bride was some three months pregnant and there was reason for haste in concluding the marriage. She was eight years older than her new husband William.

The only mention of his wife in Shakespeare's will is the famous bequest of his "second best bed." Whether as a fond remembrance or a bitter slight is not known.

London Life. The most commonly told story about Shakespeare leaving Stratford has it that he had to leave to escape prosecution for poaching deer on the lands of Sir Thomas Lucy, and that later he revenged himself on Lucy in The Merry Wives of Windsor who he portrayed as Justice Shallow. The story was started by a Gloucestershire clergyman name Richard Davies who, around 1616, wrote that "Shakespeare was much given to all unluckiness in stealing venison and rabbits, particularly from Sir ----- Lucy who oft had him whipped and sometimes imprisoned and at last made him fly his native country to his great advancement."

Shakespeare arrived in London in 1586 or 1587. At that time the drama was rapidly gaining popularity among the people. HE was said to have kept horses for the gentlemen outside the play-houses. He must have gone through many hardships and undertaken many odd jobs before he became acquainted with certain theatrical companies. Then he became an actor of some dramatic troupe, playing minor parts. Theatrical life centered on London, which necessarily became Shakespeare‘s professional base, as various records testify.

Death. Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 and was buried in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church April 25. On the slab over his grave appear the words:

GOOD FREND FOR JESUS SAKE FORBEARE,

TO DIGG THE DUST ENCLOASED HEARE.

BLESTE BE Ye MAN Yt SPARES THES STONES,

AND CURST BE HE Yt MOVES MY BONES.

His wishes have been honored, at least by men, though the grave is near the Avon and work of the river underground may have had no respect for the curse. A painted funerary bust was also erected in the church early in the seventeenth century that has lasted to today.

The First Folio. Seven years after his death, Shakespeare's fellows Heminges and Condell brought forth the First Folio: Mr. William Shakespeare’s Comedies, Histories & Tragedies. It published 36 plays, 18 of which were published therein for the first time. The volume was probably inspired by the 1616 folio edition of Ben Jonson's Workes. It takes time to compile and edit such a large volume, and Heminges and Condell were otherwise busy men.

In the prefatory material to the First Folio was printed the Martin Droeshout engraving of Shakespeare, one of only two likenesses we have of the dramatist that can make claim to any sort of authenticity.

To the Reader.

This Figure, that thou here seest put,

It was for gentle Shakespeare cut,

Wherein the Graver had a strife

with Nature, to out-doo the life :

O, could he but have drawne his wit

As well in brasse, as he hath hit

His face ; the Print would then surpasse

All, that was ever writ in brasse.

But, since he cannot, Reader, looke

Not on his Picture, but his Booke.

Ben Jonson's

Commendation of the Droeshout engraving, First published 1623.

Martin Droeshout, the engraver, was 15 when Shakespeare died and never knew him. He must have worked from a sketch, for Ben Jonson, in his fine dedicatory poem, says that the engraving caught the likeness of the man

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇七：美国现代文学时期

下篇:美国文学

第一章 美国浪漫主义时期

一、美国浪漫主义时期概述

Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求

通过本章学习,了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景;认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力. Ⅱ.本章重点及难点:

1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点

2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义.

3.分析讨论选读作品

Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求:

1.美国浪漫主义时期概述

(1)“识记”内容:美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景

(2)“领会”内容: 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现

a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响

b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证

(3)“应用”内容:清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释

2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

A.华盛顿.欧文

1.一般识记:欧文的生平及创作主涯

2.识记:《纽约外史》《见闻札记》

3.领会:欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格

4.应用:选读《瑞普.凡.温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色

B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

1.一般识记:爱默生的生平及创作生涯

2.识记:爱默生的超验主义思想

3.领会:

(1)爱默生的散文:《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等

(2)爱默生与梭罗:梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》

4.应用:《论自然》节选:爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观

C.纳撒尼尔.霍桑

1.一般识记:霍桑的生平及创作主涯

2.识记:霍桑的长短篇小说

3.领会:

(1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构

(2)霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响(人性本恶的观点)

(3)霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献

4.应用:选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色

D.华尔特.惠特曼

1.一般识记:惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯

2.识记:惠特曼的民主思想

3.领会:

(1)惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格

(2)惠特曼的个人主义

4.应用:选读《草叶集》诗选:“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格

E.赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

1.一般识记:麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯

2.识记:麦尔维尔的早期作品:《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》,后期作品《皮埃尔》《骗子的化装表演》《比利伯德》等

3.领会:《白鲸》的

(1)主题:表层及深层意义

(2)小说结构:浪漫主义和现实主义的统一

(3)象征手法和寓言的运用

(4)语言特色

4.应用:选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选:主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色

Chapter l The Romantic Period

(一)“识记”内容:

1.The origin of Romantic American literature

The Romantic Period,one of the most important periods in the history of American literature,stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.

2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature,from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War.It came of age as an expression of a national spirit.One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists,including Ralph Waldo Emerson,Henry David Thoreau.The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements.Apart from the Transcendentalists,there emerged during this period great imaginative writers——Nathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville,and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature.

3.Its social historical and cultural background

The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically,economically and culturally independent country.Historically,it was the time of westward expansion in America economically,the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation.Politically,democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation,and the two-party system came into being.Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country.With the founding of the American Independent Government,the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression,to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement,the confrontation with the Indians,the frontiersmen''''''''s life,and the wild west.Besides,the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11.Thus,with a strong sense of optimism,a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century.

4.Major writers of this period

There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period,among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau,William Cullen Bryant,Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow,James Russel Lowell,John Greenleaf Whitter,Edgar Ellen Poe,and,especially,Walt Whitman,whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe,from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville,from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.

(二)领会内容

1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism

Foreign literary masters,especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world.Born of one common cultural heritage,the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists.They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry.

(1)They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature,which included a liking for the picturesque,the exotic,the sensuous,the sensational,and the supernatural.

(2)The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement.

(3)The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America.Writers like Freneau,Bryant,and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works.

(4)The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region,and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales.

(5)In short,American Romanticism is,in a certain way,derivative.

2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism

Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts,the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.For examp1e,(1)the American national

experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon.They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests,meadows,groves,endless prairies,streams,and vast oceans.The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw.(2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales,in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and,later,in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.(3)With the growth of American national consciousness,American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency.(4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism.One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.(5)Besides,a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne,Melville and a host of lesser writers.

(三)应用内容

1.The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values,as is shown in American romantic writings.

(1)American Puritanism

Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.(The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church,who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans.They came to America out of various reasons,but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious,religious people,advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints,Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship,and organization of authority.)The American Puritans,like their brothers back in England,were idealists,believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity".They accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin and total depravity,and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America,they became more and more practical,as indeed they had to be.Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life.Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard.They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them,and history has criticized their actions.Yet in the persecution of what they considered error,the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history.As a culture heritage,Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values.American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature.It had become,to some extent,so much a state of mind,so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere,rather than a set of tenets.

(2)One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts.Besides,a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne,Melville and a host of lesser writers.

2.New England Transcendentalism

New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period.It was started in the area around Concord,Mass.by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson,Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club,i.e.the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s.The transcendentalists reacted against the cold,rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston.They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ,the innate goodness of man,and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman,Herman Melville,and Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical,concerning nature,man and the universe.Basically,Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively,or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech,"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and,therefore,self-re1iant.

3.American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature.

To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau,man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville,everybody is potentially a sinner,and great moral courage is therefore

indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature,as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家

Ⅰ.Washington Irving(1783-l859)

Irving''s position in American literature Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation,and regarded as an early Romantic writer in the merican literary history and Father of the American short stories.

一.一般识记

His life and major works

Washington Irving was born in New York City in a wealthy family.From a very early age he began to read widely and write juvenile poems,essays,and plays.In l798,he conc1uded his education at private schools and entered a law office,but he loved writing more.

His first successful work is A History Of New York from the Beginning Of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty,which,written under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker,won him wide popularity after it came out in 1809.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.in serials between 1819 and 1820,Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.The book contains familiar essays on the Eng1ish life and Americanized versions of European folk tales like "Rip Van Winkle＂,and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived persona and behind Crayon stands Irving,juxtaposing the Old World and the New,and manipulating his own antiquarian interest with artistic perspectives.

The major work of his later years was The Life of George Washington.

二.识记

1.Irving''s great indebtedness to European literature

Most of Irving''s subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources,which are chiefly Germanic.Irving''s relationship with the Old World in terms of his literary imagination can hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.

A History of New York is a patchwork of references,echoes,and burlesques.He parodies or imitates Homer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swift and many other favorites of his.He was also absorbed in German Literature and got ideas from German legends for two of his famous stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." The Alhambra is usually regarded as Irving''s "Spanish Sketch Book" simply because it has a strong flavor of Spanish culture.Most of the thirty-three essays in The Sketch Book were written in England,filled with English scenes and quotations from English authors and faithful to British orthography.Washington Irving brought to the new nation what its peop1e desired most in a man of 1etters the respect of the Old World.

2.Irving''s unique contribution to American literature

Irving''s contribution to American literature is unique in more than one way.He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.Although greatly influenced by European literature,Irving gave his works distinctive American flavor."Rip Van Winkle" or "The Legend of Sleepy Hol1ow",however exotic these stories are,are among the treasures of the American language and culture.These two stories easily trigger off American imagination with their focus on American subjects,American landscape,and,in Irving''s case,the legends of the Hudson River region of the fresh young 1and.It is not the sketches about the Old World but the tales about America that made Washington Irving a household word and his fame enduring.He was father of American short stories.And later in the hands of Hawthorne and Melville the short story attained a degree of perfection.

三.领会

1.Irving''s theme of conservatism as is revealed in "Rip Van Winkle"

Irving''s taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past.This socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed,to some extent,in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip''s 20-year s1eep,set against the background of the inevitably changing America.Rip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it.The change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better.The revolution upset the natural order of things.In the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip''s 20 years'' s1eep.By moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains,and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era,lrving describes Rip''s response and reaction in a dramatic way,so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present,and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one.Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.

2.Irving''s literary craftsmanship

Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced."

(1)We get a strong sense impression as we read him along,since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words.We hear rather than read,for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.

(2)We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.So we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality.

(3)The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.

(4)Yet Irving never forgets to associate a certain place with the inward movement of a person and to charge his sentences with emotion so as to create a true and vivid character..e is worth the honor of being "the American Goldsmith" for his literary craftsmanship.

四.应用

Selected Reading:

An Excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle"

The story of Rip Van Winkle

Rip,an indolent good-natured Dutch-American,lives with his shrewish wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution..ne day while hunting in the Catskills with his dog Wolf,he meets a dwarflike stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion..e helps him to carry a keg,and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins..fter drinking of the liquor they provide,Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20 years,during which the Revolutionary War takes place..e awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has greatly altered..pon entering the village,he is greeted by his old dog,which dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead..ip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter,now the mother of a family,and is soon befriended with his generosity and cheerfulness.

This excerpt below is taken from the story,describing for us Rip''s difficulties at home,which he often escapes by going to the local inn to spend his time with his friends and sometimes by going hunting in the woods with his dog,and then focusing on Rip ''s return from his 20 years'' sleep to his greatly altered home village..ere,Irving''s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.

What are the theme and the artistic features of "Rip Van Winkle"？

(1)The theme:

Irving''s taste was essentia1ly conservative and always exa1ted a disappearing past..his socia1 conservatism and literary preference for the past is revea1ed,to some extent,in his famous story "Rip Van Winkle." The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip''s 20-year s1eep,set against the background of the inevitably changing America..ip went to sleep before the War of Independence and woke up after it..he change that had occurred in the 20 years he slept was to him not always for the better..he revolution upset the natural order of things..n the story Irving ski1lfu1ly presents to us paralleled juxtapositions of two totally different worlds before and after Rip''s 20 years'' s1eep..y moving Rip back and forth from a noisy world with his wife on the farm to a wild but peaceful natural world in the mountains,and from a pre-Revolution village to a George Washington era,lrving describes Rip''s response and reaction in a dramatic way,so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferabi1ity of the past to the present,and the preferability of a dream-like world to the real one..rving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.

(2)The artistic features:

"Rip Van Winkle" is not only well-known for Rip''s 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American Literature and in the English language as well..ashington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced." He has a clear,easy style.

(a)We get a strong sense impression as we read him along,since the language he used best reveals what a Romantic writer can do with words..e hear rather than read,for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.

(b)We seldom learn a mora1 lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed..o we often find ourselves lost in a world that is permeated with a dreaming quality..e uses genial humor to exaggerate the seriousness of situation..e uses dignified words to produce a half-mocking effect.

(c)The Gothic elements and the supernatural atmosphere are manipulated in such a way that we could become so engaged and involved in what is happening in a seemingly exotic place.( Rip Van Winkle was overwhelmed by

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇八：2013级第2学期翻译资料(10篇)

2013级第2学期段落翻译资料

(合计10篇)

Translation 1（2013年12月真题）

(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断地改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情、婚姻和团聚。中国结常常作为礼物交换或饰品祈求好运和避邪。这种形式的手工艺(handicraft)代代相传，现在已经在中国和世界各地越来越受欢迎。

The Chinese knot was originally invented by Chinese handicraftsmen. After hundreds of years of continuous improvement, it has become an elegant and colorful art and craft. In ancient China, people used it to record events, but now it is mainly used for decorative purposes. The word “knot” means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese. The Chinese knot is often used as an exchanged gift or ornament to pray for good luck and avoid evil spirits. This form of handicraft was handed from generation to generation and now it has become increasingly popular in China and around the world.

Translation 2（2013年12月真题）

许多人喜欢中餐。在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。

Many people like Chinese cuisine. In China, cooking is not only seen as a skill, but also is regarded as an art. Well-prepared Chinese cuisine not only tastes good but also looks attractive. Cooking techniques and ingredients differ considerably from place to place in China. But great Chinese cuisine has one thing in common: it invariably takes color, flavor, texture and nutrition into account. As food is very important to health, good chefs always try their best to strike a balance among grain, meat, and vegetables, and therefore Chinese cuisine is both delicious and healthy.

Translation 3（2013年12月真题）

“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病。在明清(the Qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。

"Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people are often asked while having meals. Most westerners tend to choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then used it to cure illnesses. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were widespread all over the country. Tea-drinking was spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century was it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture.

Translation 4（2013年12月真题） 信息技术(Information Technology)正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。

With rapid development of the information technology, Chinese citizens are attaching more and more importance to it. Some schools even set the information technology as a required course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people hold different views. Some people think it unnecessary to do this since the traditional courses are supposed to be learned. While some others hold the opposite view, they believe that China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern.

Translation 5（2013年12月样题） 剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪

纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.

Translation 6

2月14日是西方的情人节，而中国也有关于爱情的节日，。关于七夕有一个牛郎与织女的神话传说。据说这对恋人被分隔在银河(Milky Way)两岸，每月七月初七，一群喜鹊(magpie)会达成鹊桥以使这对恋人相见。与西方的情人节不同，中国的情人节并不强调送玫瑰花和巧克力，女孩会准备一些瓜果供奉给织女，祈求获得精湛的针线技艺并嫁的一位如意郎君。

February 14th is St. Valentine’s Day in the West. The Chinese also have a day about love – the Qixi Festival. About this festival, there is a legend of Niu Lang and Zhi Nv, which says that the two were separated from each other by the Milky Way, and once a year, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, a flock of magpies would form a bridge to reunite the couple. Unlike St. Valentine’s Day in the West, there is not so much emphasis on giving roses and chocolates. Instead, Chinese girls prepare fruits and melons as offerings to Zhi Nv, praying to acquire high skills in needlecraft and marry a Mr. Right.

Translation 7

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸。它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拌、撕(clamping, stirring, tearing)等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物(mascot)(metaphor)为新婚夫妇快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵”(“harmony is what matters”)的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明标志之一。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named Zhu in ancient China. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess various multi-functions, such as clamping, stirring, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by Chinese folks. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor to indicate a blessing for the newly-wedded couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

Translation 8 元宵节(The Lantern Festival)是中国的传统佳节，在每年的农历(lunar new year)正月十五这一天庆祝。元宵节的到来也标志着春节的结束。元宵节的传统可以追溯到西汉时期，像其他的传统节日一样，关于元宵节也有一个美丽的传说。据说，与道家(Taoist)的传统有关。按中国民间的传统，在这天上皓月高悬的夜晚，人们要点起彩灯万盏，以示庆贺。出门赏月、燃灯放焰、喜猜灯谜、共吃元宵。其乐融融。

The Lantern Festival is a traditional Chinese festival, which is on the 15th of the first month of the Chinese New Year (lunar New Year). The festival marks the end of the celebrations of the Chinese New Year. Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival from the Han Dynasty. Like most other Chinese festivals, there is also a story behind the Festival. It is also believed that the festival has Taoist origins. According to the tradition of Chinese folks, on the night of the festival under the full moon, people go on streets with a variety of lanterns for celebration, enjoying the moonlight, lighting up firecrackers, guessing Chinese riddles and eating Yuan Xiao (glutinous rice ball). There is really a lot of fun for the young and the old.

Translation 9

在中国，龙是一种吉祥的生物。在中国古代，龙被视为皇权的象征。直到现在，龙仍然是备受尊崇的神物，代表着财富、智慧、成功、权力以及幸运。中国人自豪地宣称他们是龙的子孙。西方媒体也经常把龙用作中国的标志。如今，大多数欧洲人都知道龙在中国是一种吉祥的生物，也知道龙是中国的十二生肖之一。

The Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature. In the ancient times, the dragon was the symbol of imperial power. Even today, as a magical creature beloved by the people, it still represents wealth, wisdom, success, power and good fortune. Chinese people proudly claim that they are the descendants of the dragon. The dragon is also often regarded

as the symbol of China by Western media. Nowadays, most Europeans understand that dragon is a lucky creature in China, and it is one of the 12 Chinese Zodiac Signs.

Translation 10 过去的七年，中国的房地产业(real estate)经历了前所未有的高速增长。对于那些月薪较低却渴望在大城市拥有一个属于自己的体面、舒适的栖身之所的人来说，高昂的房价是他们无法承受的负担。鉴于这一状况，政府近来采取了一系列的措施来防止房价过快增长，包括提高利率及增加房产税等。目前，这些措施在部分城市已经取得了初步的成效。

In the past seven years, China’s real estate industry has developed in a record high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates and increasing taxes on real estate, etc. Presently, these measures have achieved initial effects in some cities.

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇九：全新版大学英语2unit 7课件

Unit 7 The Glorious Messiness Of English

Before Reading

Listening and Answering the Questions ................................................................. 2

History of English ................................................................................................... 2

Winston Churchill................................................................................................... 3

Julius Caesar….…..…………..…….………………...…………………….…………………………………..4

Viking…….…………..……….…….….……………………………………….…………………………………..4 Norman……………..………………..………………………………………….………………………………….4 William Caxton……..……………..…………………………………………….……………………………….5 Otto Jespersen……………………..……………………………………………….…………………………….5

Renaissance……………………………………………………………………………….………………………..5 Global Reading

Part Division of the Text……………………………………………………………………………………...6

Further Understanding………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Detailed Reading……………………………………………………………………………………..………………...7 After Reading

Useful Expressions…………………………………………………………………………………………….16 Listening Comprehension………………………………………………………………………………….16 Synonyms………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17 Body Language………………………………………………………………………………………………….18 Sentence Translation…………………………………………………..…………………………………….18 Writing Practice…………………………………………………………………………………………………19 Talk about the Pictures……………………………………………………….……………………………….20

Proverbs and Quotations……………………………………………..……………………………………20 Supplementary Reading

Culture Notes……………………………………………………………………………………………………22

Language Study………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Comprehension Task…………………………………………………………………………………………25

Before Reading

Ⅰ. Listening and Answering the Questions

ⅰ. Listen and Answer

(Directions:) Listen to the recording two or three times and then think

over the following questions.

1. What is the passage about?

(=English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language.)

2. Can you give one or two examples to illustrate the messiness of the English language? (=Yes. For example, the meaning of “your house burns up” is the same as

that of “your house burns down”, or “you fill in a form” is the same as

“you fill out a form” .)

3. Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded

passage?

(= Some of the more confusing usages are explained here:

1) ship by truck / send cargo by ship: ship can be either a verb or a

noun

The first “ship” means “send”, the second one “a large boat”.

2) noses that run / feet that smells:

This refers to what people usually say “have a running nose”

(流鼻涕), “have smelly feet” (臭脚).

3) a slim/fat chance: a remote possibility

4) a wise guy: a person who pretends to be much wiser than

he/she really is; a derogatory term

a wise man: a really wise person; a commendatory term

5) overlook: fail to see or notice, pay no attention to

oversee: control (work, workmen)

6) hot /cold as hell: extremely hot/cold

7) burn up: catch fire and flare up

burn down: be destroyed by fire

8) fill in a form/fill out a form: synonymous

9) go off: start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise

go on: continue doing something

10) when stars are out: when stars appear in the sky

when lights are out: when lights are turned off

11) wind up a watch: tighten the spring of a watch

wind up a speech: end a speech

Ⅱ. History of English

ⅰ. The root of English

English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.

From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g.

sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master, school and grammar. Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucer’s

The Canterbury Tales.

ⅱ. The development of Modern English

Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century. During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Shakespeare’s plays were seen by many people.

The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use.

By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnson’s dictionary was published, Noah Webster’s The Elementary Spelling Book was published in the US. At first it used Johnson’s spellings, but later editions contained many of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.

ⅲ. 20th Century English

During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing

words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet. English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.

Ⅲ. Winston Churchill

ⅰ. A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill

As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britain’s greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as a soldier

in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determination to win the war, especially at times of great crisis. Examples of Churchill’s phrases still often quoted today are “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, and “This was their finest hour”. The Conservative Party led by Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.

ⅱ. Chronology of Winston Churchill

-- November 30, 1874

Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock,

near Oxford.

-- October 1, 1911

Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government.

-- April 30, 1915

Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation

as First Lord of the Admiralty.

-- November 6, 1924

Baldwin named him Chancellor of the Exchequer.

-- May 10, 1940

Appointed to head wartime coalition government.

-- July 1945

Lost general election.

-- April 24, 1953

Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

-- December 10, 1953

Awarded Nobel prize for literature in recognition of “historical works and

biographies as well as his brilliant speeches.”

-- January 24, 1965

Died in London; buried, following a state funeral, in the churchyard at Bladon,

near Blenheim.

ⅲ. A Video Clip about Winston Churchill

(Directions:) Watch this video clip and answer the following questions.

1. What do you learn from the clip?

2. What do you think of Winston Churchill?

Ⅳ. Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar was the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army.

He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later.

Ⅴ. Viking

Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the

Scottish islands and in areas of eastern England, and the Danish king Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships and as sailors. They had an important influence on English culture and the English language.

Ⅵ. Norman

Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Normans took control of the country, a process known as the Norman Conquest. They used many of the existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government

became first Latin, and then Norman French, and this caused many new words to be added to the existing English language.

Ⅶ. William Caxton

William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. Many of the books he published were French stories which he translated himself.

Ⅷ. Otto Jespersen

Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the “direct method” in language teaching with the publication of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (1909~1949).

Ⅸ. Renaissance

The Renaissance emerged in northern Italy in the 1300s when, not content with the abstract and highly subjective thinking of the Middle Ages, scholars turned for inspiration to the ancient Greeks and Romans with their love of earthly life. Italian architects rediscovered ancient construction techniques and incorporated Greek and Roman columns, arches, and domes into their public

buildings. Instead of the flat, stiff figures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance artists portrayed rounded, flesh-and-blood people, people filled with emotions. To depict the world they lived in realistically, Renaissance artists developed linear perspective, which creates on a flat surface the illusion of depth. Renaissance scholars explored their world through mathematics, science, and engineering. Probably the most famous people of the Renaissance times are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. By the 1500s the Renaissance had spread to Spain and the countries of northern Europe, where people sought to blend the intense interest in human affairs with spiritual ideals.

Until the end of the 18th century it was men篇十：人教高中英语必修6 Unit 3 单元测试卷

Unit 3单元测试卷

第二部分： 英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）

第一节：单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15 分）

从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

21. —Mom, some of my classmates are planning a trip during the winter vacation. May I join them?

—_____ You promised to visit Grandma during your winter vacation.

A. Think about it! B. I don’t mind.

C. Yes, why not? D. I am afraid not.

22. —What do you think of _____ gifted chemist from London?

—Well, sometimes his behavior is beyond _____ comprehension.

A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. the; the D. a; 不填

23. Not all of us can deal with the _____ of modern life.

A. prejudices B. judgment C. stresses D. convenience

24. Once you _____ working with the professor, you will find he is not as tough as expected.

A. become accustomed to

B. object to

C. get addicted to

D. admit to

25. Carelessness is something you must quit _____ a higher position in the company.

A. offering

C. to offer B. being offered D. to be offered

26. The young girl was _____ to ask such a simple question and nodded like the others.

A. shamed B. ashamed

D. shameless C. shameful

27. The medicine bought at a high price turned out to have no _____.

A. influence B. result C. effect D. risk

28. The program has made great progress _____ little support from the government.

A. due to B. with regard to

C. instead of D. in spite of

29. —Have you got used to living alone?

—Yes. But I still find _____ lonely sometimes.

A. this B. that C. one D. it

30. Hearing that he would have to be given another in-jection, the boy _____ a smile to cover up his fear.

A. wore B. managed

C. strengthened D. controlled

31. —When did Lily’s brother finally stop drinking al-cohol?

—It was in May _____ he was put into prison for drunk driving.

A. that B. since C. when D. before

32. There was a long _____ silence between them after Jim’s angry words.

A. automatic B. abnormal

C. desperate D. awkward

33. Adolescents need adults to guide them; otherwise, _____ is easy for them to get into trouble.

A. that B. which C. it D. what

34. We’d better make the possible results clear _____ someone else feels like quitting.

A. until B. every time C. while D. next time

35. The notices outside our teaching building _____ what students showed interest in when I was a schoolboy.

A. had always been banned

C. were always banned B. were always banning D. had always been banning

第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30 分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

My grandson is seven now. He lives 100 miles away. He when he was only four.

He also calls me at other times during the day just to a happy or sad

moment. Many times he is holding a basketball with one hand, or with a friend about

something I don’t quite and laugh or cry with him — just share his emotion. I always let him be in of the conversation, the emotion, and the amount of time he’s on the with me. Many times I just listen to him or listen while he does his homework aloud.

The time I take control of the conversation is when he’s to say goodbye at night. Then I say, “I love you, baby”. One I thought maybe he was of hearing those words, so I didn’t say them. He immediately called me back and told me that I 50 to say the sentence! Since then I have never saying it again!

All my friends know he takes precedence over (比„„重要) all other things. If I’m at a place where I really can’t take his tell him I’ll call him back in a few minutes. I want him to know that he takes first place in my Every child needs at least one in their life to listen and share with. I am glad to give my grandson the love he needs.

36. A. memorized

C. noticed B. kept D. wrote

37. A. Once again B. Since then

C. Later on D. Shortly after

B. directly 38. A. briefly

C. instantly D. frequently

D. mark 39. A. express B. discuss C. share

40. A. comparing

C. studying B. laughing D. quarrelling

B. enjoy 41. A. understand

C. believe D. remember

42. A. look B. talk C. sit D. listen

43. A. charge B. need C. support D. face

44. A. conversation B. phone C. way

45. A. play D. game B. sleep C. lie D. act

46. A. last B. only C. perfect D. right

47. A. willing B. determined C. ready D. eager

48. A. day B. night C. weekend

49. A. afraid D. morning B. tired C. aware D. ashamed

C. agreed D. forgot

D. denied

D. attention 50. A. decided B. learnt 51. A. escaped B. failed C. missed 52. A. invitation B. call C. help

53. A. naturally B. politely C. simply D. happily

54. A. work B. brain C. appointment

D. heart D. teacher 55. A. friend B. grandparent C. adult

第三部分： 阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）

第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

A ★

“Gold Rush Alaska” has given America gold fever. A lot of young men put everything at risk to find gold in Alaska. They face problems with their machines and the Alaska wild animals. They’re just ordinary people out trying to realize a dream.

Todd Dorsey is one of them. He spent $100,000 on it and prepared for a year before

going to Alaska. He brought his family and friends to help him out. He must get them mining (开矿) and a place to stay. He also had to keep their spirits up and kept everyone working as a team. They had to run off bears sometimes from their camp.

They had to face the fact that their lead mechanic’s (机修工的) health was not good. They called him Harness, and he was on medication that was hard for him to take, because out in Alaska it was not easy to get to the hospital and so he didn’t enjoy good health. He was the only one who could keep things running the way they were supposed to. There was one guy that didn’t seem to get along with anyone. But didn’t there always have to be someone that didn’t get along and messed things up?

They got excited when they found a few small pieces of gold, but they needed a lot more to cover the cost of mining every day. It cost Todd $1,000 a day to run everything they needed to mine. They had to make money before the Alaska summer came to an end or they would go broke （破产）.

56. We learn from the text that the young men joining the gold rush ______.

A. knew Alaska well before they set off

B. were poor before they went to Alaska

C. faced the threat of wild animals

D. got along well with each other

57. According to the text, Harness ______.

A. was the leader of the young men

B. never messed things up

C. was very important to everyone

D. had to be taken to hospital

58. What does the author think of Todd Dorsey?

A. He thinks highly of what Todd did.

B. He believes Todd can realize his dream.

C. He thinks Todd lacked team spirit.

D. He thinks Todd was taking a chance.

B ★★

Most people consider skydiving (高空跳伞) a product of the 20th century, but its history actually goes further back than that. The Chinese attempted to parachute (跳伞) in the 10th century, a thousand years before we did. The Chinese did what we would today call base diving; that is, they jumped off a place that would allow them to float from a height to the ground.

The first person to attempt to parachute was a Frenchman named Jacques Garnerin. He jumped from his hot-air balloon at the end of the 18th century and did tricks on the way down and stupefied the crowds by landing safely on the ground. At the end of the 19th century, Kathie Paulus, a brave German woman, became famous for her skydiving skills.

Once the airplane was invented, skydiving took on a whole new form. The airplane made it possible to dive from greater heights at greater speeds, allowing for more range in the

movements in the air. A woman named Tiny Broadwick became the first woman to jump from a plane in 1913 and dive free fall in 1914.